A proposed bill legalising the use of cannabis - or dagga as it is commonly known – has recently been submitted to parliament. If passed, the bill would allow anyone to use, grow and even sell dagga for any "medical condition" they see fit. Wilma Stassen spoke to an expert about whether or not that would be a good idea.
Traditional medicine is big business in South Africa. Dr Gerbus Muller, clinical pharmacologist and toxicologist, and a former lecturer at Stellenbosch University's Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, estimates that around half of all the medicine used in the country are traditional, or alternative medicines. One of those is dagga (in its raw plant form) which is often, albeit illegally, used by traditional practitioners to medicate patients.
Dagga has been proven to have some medicinal qualities and medical marijuana is used commercially in countries like the United States (US) and Britain to treat certain ailments.
But to make dagga freely available to use unregulated in its raw form (as suggested in the proposed bill), could have "catastrophic" consequences, says Muller.
"You wouldn't give a patient a poppy plant [which is used to produce morphine] to smoke in order to treat his or her pain, so why would you do it for dagga?" says Muller, explaining that all medication derived from plants are first extracted and then processed in order to administer in predetermined doses.
The cannabis plant has more than 100 active ingredients of which only one, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC for short, is used in the production of medical marijuana. THC has a potent effect on the central nervous system and is also the chemical that causes euphoria, which is responsible for it being abused as a recreational drug.
"People tend to think that natural substances have no side effects and are safe - but there is nothing further from the truth," says Muller. "All medicines, be it alternative medicines or herbs, have side effects."
Common side effects of cannabis are heart arrhythmia (fast pounding heart), a drop in blood pressure, blood-shot eyes, loss of motivation, anxiety and drunkenness, among others.
There is also a common misconception that dagga is not addictive, says Muller. Although regular dagga users don't suffer convulsions and other life-threatening withdrawal symptoms that some other drug users (particularly those using opioids such as heroin) get when quitting the substance, people become psychologically dependent on it, which makes it very hard to give up.
Despite the side effects, Muller believes that there could be a place for dagga in medicine, as long as it is regulated and controlled and not made available regardless, as suggested in the proposed bill.
Medical marijuana (extracted and slightly modified THC available in pill or liquid form) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy and also to stimulate appetite in patients with HIV. It is also commonly used to treat Tourette's Syndrome, loss of appetite in cancer patients, spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis, post-operative nausea and vomiting, and the skin condition pruritis, although it doesn't have FDA approval for the treatment of these conditions.
Muller notes that there are also other medicines that work just as well or better for the treatment of these conditions.
According to Muller, there have also been a few documented cases suggesting that dagga may inhibit the growth of cancer cells. He stresses that there have only been a handful of anecdotal cases documented around the world, which does not serve as evidence that it could be used as a treatment for cancer. "However, there are enough cases to suggest that it might be useful to further explore its potential cancer-killing effects," says Muller.
Photo: Pharmacologist and toxicologist, Dr Gerbus Muller, believes that the medical use of dagga should be regulated.
